Theories Cognitive Psychology What Is Episodic Memory? By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book." Learn about our editorial process Updated on November 22, 2023 Medically reviewed Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Amy Morin, LCSW Medically reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist and international bestselling author. Her books, including "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," have been translated into more than 40 languages. Her TEDx talk, "The Secret of Becoming Mentally Strong," is one of the most viewed talks of all time. Learn about our Medical Review Board Print Daniel Ingold / Cultura / Getty Images Table of Contents View All Table of Contents How It Works Episodic vs. Semantic Memory Types Examples Properties Impact Effects of Damage and Disease Trending Videos Close this video player An episodic memory is a memory of a specific event. Because each person has a different perspective and experience of an event, episodic memories of that event are unique to each person. Closely related to this is what researchers refer to as autobiographical memory—memories of your own life history. As you can imagine, episodic and autobiographical memories play an important role in your self-identity. At a Glance The memories of specific events and experiences, such as your high school graduation or wedding day, are examples of episodic memory. It includes your memories of specific events, personal facts, general events, and snapshots of particular moments in time. Such memories play an important role in shaping who you are but can be affected by certain types of damage or disease. How Episodic Memory Works Imagine that you get a phone call from an old college friend. You spend an evening reminiscing about amusing moments from your days at school. Your memories of those specific events and experiences are examples of episodic memory. Episodic memories are important for shaping your personal sense of identity. These memories provide you with a sense of personal history and a shared history with others in your life. Episodic memories are important because they allow you to recall personal experiences that helped shape your life and perceptions. Areas of the Brain Involved in Episodic Memory Several regions of the brain have been implicated in episodic memory. These regions of the brain are part of what is known as the default mode network. These areas include: Posterior cingulate cortexAngular gyrusMiddle temporal gyrusMiddle frontal gyrusMedial prefrontal cortex The hippocampus and parts of the brain found in the temporal lobe are also important in encoding, consolidating, and retrieving episodic memories. Several parts of the brain work in concert to help you store and retrieve episodic memories: the temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices, diencephalon, and cerebellum. Practice, genetics, and experience all influence your ability to recall episodic memories. Episodic vs. Semantic Memory The term episodic memory was first introduced by Endel Tulving in 1972 to distinguish between remembering events from the past (episodic memory) and knowing factual information, known as semantic memory. Semantic memory is focused on general knowledge about the world and includes facts, concepts, and ideas. Episodic memory and semantic memory are part of the division of memory known as explicit or declarative memory. Semantic and Episodic Memory Are Interdependent Researchers have found that episodic memory can also be interdependent with semantic memory. On learning tasks, participants performed better when new information was aligned with prior knowledge, suggesting that semantic knowledge of a task provides a sort of framework for new episodic learning. Participants were asked to remember the prices of grocery items. Those in the control group were better able to remember these prices when the new information was congruent with their existing episodic memories of grocery prices. Amnesiac participants in the experimental group, however, performed much worse at remembering new information because they did not have access to episodic information from their past. Researchers have also found that episodic memories also play a role in the retrieval of semantic memories. In experiments where participants were asked to generate lists of items in particular categories, those who were able to rely on episodic memories performed better than amnesiac participants who did not have access to episodic memories. Types of Episodic Memories Episodic memories fall into a few main categories. Specific Events These involve memories of particular moments from personal history. Your first kiss, first day of school, a friend's birthday party, and your brother's graduation are all examples of episodic memories. In addition to your overall recall of the event itself, the episodic memory include the locations and times of the events. Personal Facts Knowing who was president the year that you got married, the make and model of your first car, and the name of your first boss are all examples of personal fact episodic memories. General Events Remembering what a kiss feels like is an example of this general type of memory. You do not remember each and every kiss you've ever shared, but you can recall what it feels like based on your personal experiences. Flashbulb Memories Flashbulb memories are vivid and detailed "snapshots" related to finding out particularly important news. Sometimes these moments might be highly personal, like the moment you found out that your grandmother had died. In other cases, these memories might be shared by many people in a social group. The moments you found out about the 9/11 attacks or the Paris concert theater attacks are examples of shared flashbulb memories. Examples of Episodic Memories Some examples of episodic memories might include: What happened on your recent trip to DisneylandWhere you were when you learned that a loved one had diedYour old cell phone numberYour first day at your jobYour first date with your partner Remember, each person's episodic memory of an event is entirely unique. Even other people who shared the same experience may have different recollections of what happened. Episodic memories can be of important details or events from your life (like the day you met your partner or your social security number). They also include much more mundane information. Your memory of a particular the year you attended your first concert or of what you had for breakfast yesterday morning are also examples of episodic memory. Nine Properties of Episodic Memory Research indicates that episodic memory carries nine attributes. Other types of memory feature some of these, too—but only episodic memories comprise all of them. Episodic memories: Contain summary records of sensory-perceptual-conceptual-affective processingRetain patterns of activation/inhibition over long periodsAre often represented in the form of (visual) imagesAlways have a perspective (field or observer)Represent short time slices of experienceAre represented on a temporal dimension roughly in order of occurrenceAre subject to rapid forgettingMake autobiographical remembering specificAre recollectively experienced when accessed Studies also suggest that there are sex differences in episodic memory. Research has found, for example, that women tend to outperform men on tests of episodic memory function, particularly on verbal-based episodic memory. Studies also show that women can access these memories faster and date them more accurately than men. Impact of Episodic Memory Episodic memory has a profound effect on your life. Tulving described it as a "mental time machine." Anytime you revisit a moment from your past, whether you're remembering your first day of kindergarten, what you wore to work yesterday, or some other personal detail, you're drawing on your episodic memory. Such memories help create a cohesive experience. They allow you to form a personal history that plays a role in your identity and sense of self. How Damage and Disease Can Affect Episodic Memory Aging and neurodegenerative diseases take an extreme toll on episodic memory. For example, a decline in the ability to retrieve this kind of memory is among the first signs of Alzheimer’s disease. Other psychiatric conditions that can cause deficits in episodic memory: Dissociative disorders Schizophrenia Parkinson's disease However, such damage is difficult to assess because memories are difficult to induce and measure. Likewise, traumatic brain injury, such as concussion, tends to impede episodic memory. Semantic memory appears to be less susceptible to this kind of damage. What This Means For You Episodic memory is important because it creates the fabric of your life history. All of the tidbits of knowledge, memories of things that have happened, and details about your personal experiences are also stored in your episodic memory. It's a bit like a mental history that allows you to revisit your paster and create a cohesive narrative about who you are and the life you've lived so far.If you are experiencing problems with episodic memory, it is important to talk to your doctor for further evaluation and treatment. Eidetic Memory: The Reality Behind the 'Photographic' Mind 11 Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Brandman T, Malach R, Simony E. The surprising role of the default mode network in naturalistic perception. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):79. doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01602-z Byrne JH. Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference. Elsevier Science. Renoult L, Rugg MD. An historical perspective on Endel Tulving's episodic-semantic distinction. Neuropsychologia. 2020;139:107366. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107366 Kan IP, Alexander MP, Verfaillie M. Contribution of prior semantic knowledge to new episodic learning in amnesia. J Cogn Neurosci. 2009;21:938-944. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21066 Tulving E. Episodic memory: from mind to brain. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53(1):1-25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114 Conway MA. Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47(11):2305-2313. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.003 Lundervold AJ, Wollschlager D, Wehling E. Age and sex related changes in episodic memory function in middle aged and older adults. Scand J Psychol. 2014;225-32. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12114 Loprinzi PD, Frith E. The role of sex in memory function: Considerations and recommendations in the context of exercise. J Clin Med. 2018;7(6):132. doi:10.3390/jcm7060132 Matthews BR. Memory dysfunction. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015;21(3 Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry):613-626. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000466656.59413.29 Pause BM, Zlomuzica A, Kinugawa K, Mariani J, Pietrowsky R, Dere E. Perspectives on episodic-like and episodic memory. Front Behav Neurosci. 2013;7. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00033 Wammes JD, Good TJ, Fernandes MA. Autobiographical and episodic memory deficits in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Cogn. 2017;111:112-126. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.11.004 Additional Reading Greenberg DL, Keane MM, Verfaellie M. Impaired category fluency in medial temporal lobe amnesia: The role of episodic memory. J Neurosci. 2009;29(35):10900-10908. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1202-09.2009 By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book." See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? Helpful Report an Error Other Submit