Biography of Psychologist G. Stanley Hall

G. Stanley Hall (bottom center in photo) was a psychologist best known as the first American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology and the first president of the American Psychological Association. He also had a significant influence on the early development of psychology in the United States.

Through his work as a teacher, Hall influenced a number of other leading psychologists, including John Dewey and Lewis Terman, a student of his. According to a 2002 review of eminent psychologists of the twentieth century, Hall was ranked as the 72nd most influential psychologist, a ranking he shared with Terman.

Best Known For

• First president of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892
• Founder the first American psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University
• First American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

His Early Life

Granville Stanley Hall was born on February 1, 1844. He grew up on a farm in Ashfield, Massachusetts. His father was a politician and his mother a teacher, an upbringing that had an early influence on his love of learning. 

He enrolled at Williston Academy in 1861, but later transferred to Williams College. After his graduation in 1867, he attended Union Theological Seminary. His initial studies and work centered on theology.

However, like many students of this time period, he was inspired to turn to psychology by Wilhelm Wundt's Principles of Physiological Psychology. While it was still a very young field, Hall's readings inspired him to make the switch from philosophy to psychology.

Hall went on to earn a doctorate in psychology from Harvard University under psychologist William James and Henry P. Bowditch. G. Stanley Hall holds the distinction of being the first American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. Hall also studied briefly in Wundt's experimental lab, noted as the first experimental psychology laboratory in the world.

Career and Accomplishments

When he returned to the U.S. following his time working with Wundt, Hall presented a series of lectures focused on education and then published his first written work, an analysis of German culture. 

While G. Stanley Hall initially began his career teaching English and philosophy, he eventually took a position as Professor of Psychology and Pedagogics at John Hopkins University. Among his many accomplishments was the creation of the American Journal of Psychology in 1887.

In 1888, Hall left John Hopkins University and became President of Clark University, where he would remain for the next 32 years.

Hall's approach represented a transitional period in psychological thought. Many of his ideas were still rooted in his conservative, Victorian upbringing, but they were also influenced by more modern 20th-century thought. 

While these years were a time of great professional triumph, but the period was marked by personal tragedy. In 1890, his wife and eight-year-old daughter both died of accidental asphyxiation. Later, his second wife was admitted to a mental hospital after years of erratic behavior.

In 1892, Hall was elected as the first president of the American Psychological Association. In 1909, he famously invited a group of psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, to speak at Clark University. The trip was Freud's first and only visit to the United States.

Contributions to Psychology

G. Stanley Hall's primary interests were in evolutionary psychology and child development. He was heavily influenced by Ernst Haeckel's recapitulation theory, which suggested that embryonic stages of an organism resemble the stages of development of the organism's evolutionary ancestors, a theory that is today rejected by most evolutionary scientists.

Hall was also a eugenicist, often opening expressing his racist views in writing. He also led a number of organizations devoted to eugenics. The eugenics movement suggested that the human population would be improved by promoting reproduction in groups thought to be genetically superior to others.

Hall devoted a large amount of his work to understanding adolescent development, particularly in the area of aggression. He is often referred to as "the father of adolescence" thanks to his early interest and emphasis on this critical point in development.

He described two different types of aggression, which were relational aggression and physical aggression. Where he suggested that physical aggression was more common among males, he believed that females were more likely to exhibit relational aggression. This type of aggression involves tactics such as social exclusion and gossip.

Perhaps his greatest contribution was to the development and growth of early psychology. By the year 1893, Hall had supervised 11 out of the 14 doctorates in psychology that had been awarded in the United States. Some of those who studied under his influence include Lewis Terman, John Dewey, and James McKeen Cattell.

He died on April 24, 1924, at the age of 80.

Select Publications

• Hall, G.S. (1904). Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, and Education. 2 vols. New York, Appleton.
• Hall, G.S. (1906). Youth: Its Education, Regiment, and Hygiene. New York, Appleton.
• Hall, G.S. (1911). Educational Problems. 2 vols. New York, Appleton.