Defense Mechanisms

Since Freud first described the original defense mechanisms, other researchers have continued to describe other methods of reducing anxiety. Some of these defense mechanisms include:

• Acting out - The individual copes with stress by engaging in actions rather than reflecting upon internal feelings.
• Affiliation - Involves turning to other people for support.
• Aim inhibition - The individual accepts a modified form of their original goal (i.e. becoming a high school basketball coach rather than a professional athlete.)
• Altruism - Satisfying internal needs through helping others.
• Avoidance - Refusing to deal with or encounter unpleasant objects or situations.
• Compensation - Overachieving in one area to compensate for failures in another.
• Humor - Pointing out the funny or ironic aspects of a situation.
• Passive-aggression - Indirectly expressing anger.

While defense mechanisms are often thought of as negative reactions, some of these defenses can be helpful. For example, utilizing humor to overcome a stressful, anxiety-provoking situation can actually be an adaptive defense mechanism.

Suggested Reading:

Defense Mechanisms Quiz
The Id, Ego, and Superego
Theory of Psychosexual Development